In short. Across the 30 generations in this table, the most common PCD (bolt pattern) is 5x114.3: Toyota GR Yaris, Nissan GT-R R35, Hyundai i30 N and Ioniq 5 N, Ford Mustang S550, Renault Mégane IV R.S., Clio IV R.S. and Renault 5 E-Tech, Alpine A290 and Lotus Emira. Yet those ten cars share five different centre bores, from 60.1 to 70.5 mm, and two sourced threads. Five cases break the usual assumptions: the Toyota GR Supra A90 has the fixings of the BMW M3 G80 and M4 G82 (5x112, 66.5 mm, M14 x 1.25 bolts); the Honda Civic Type R, both FK8 and FL5, is on 5x120; the Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio Quadrifoglio are the only cars in our database on 5x110; the Mazda MX-5 ND is the only one with four holes, on 4x100; and the 5x108 of the Peugeot 308 GTi and 508 PSE, the Ford Focus RS and ST and the Polestar 2 hides two bores and three different fittings, while the Renaults are on 5x114.3. Every figure comes from a manufacturer's document or from at least two specialist sources that agree; otherwise the cell says "not sourced". Each row links to the car's own page, which lists every source and the date it was read: that page has the final word.
This guide continues our PCD and centre bore table for BMW, Audi, VW, Mercedes, Porsche, Tesla and MINI, under the same rule, and adds two columns: seat and torque.
Six figures and what they tell you
The PCD (pitch circle diameter, or bolt pattern) gives the number of fixing holes, then the diameter of the circle through their centres: 5x114.3 means five holes on a 114.3 mm circle. American listings write the same pattern as 5x4.5 inches, since 4.5 x 25.4 = 114.3 mm. A wheel only fits a hub with exactly the same PCD.
The centre bore is the diameter of the wheel's central hole, which sits on the hub's spigot. The figure in the table is the hub's. A wheel with a larger bore needs a hub-centric ring; a smaller one will not go on.
The fixing tells you whether the wheel is held by bolts that screw into the hub or by nuts on studs. The thread gives diameter and pitch: M12 x 1.5 and M12 x 1.25 share a diameter, not a pitch. The seat is the face of the bolt or nut that bears on the wheel (60° cone, ball or flat). The torque comes from the manufacturer's document. Our guide to wheel nut torque and locking nuts covers torque, and PCD, bolt pattern and centre bore explains how to measure a hub.
How we record a figure
A figure is published when a manufacturer's document gives it (owner's manual, fitting instructions), or when at least two independent specialist sources agree and no manufacturer's document contradicts them. Those sources are makers of hub-centric rings and wheel spacers, fitment databases, and German fitment reports issued with aftermarket wheels (BBS, MAK, OZ, Borbet, Ronal, Brock, DBV, ALCAR), which list the hub of every car the wheel may go on. The Swiss Federal Roads Office (ASTRA) publishes the technical record of each vehicle type as open data; we use it to match each original wheel fitment to its version. Where nothing is sufficient, the cell stays blank and says "not sourced": we do not fill it from a third-party database.
The tables use the validated rows of our database, read on 21 October 2026 (surveys of 20 and 21 October). They cover every surveyed make that is not in the first part. No manufacturer's document we read gives the PCD or the centre bore of these 30 generations: depending on the car, the manuals give the fixing, the torque or both. Other models from these makes have not been surveyed yet, and we never carry a figure over from one model to another. The car pages linked below are in French; the figures and source links read the same in any language.
Toyota PCD: GR Yaris, GR Supra and GR86
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota GR Yaris, 2020 on | 5x114.3 | 60.1 mm | wheel nuts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | 103 Nm |
| Toyota GR Supra (A90), 2019 to 2026 | 5x112 | 66.5 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.25 | 60° cone | 140 Nm |
| Toyota GR86 (ZN8), 2022 on | 5x100 | 56.1 mm | wheel nuts, M12 x 1.25 | not sourced | not sourced |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Toyota GR Yaris; Toyota GR Supra (A90); Toyota GR86 (ZN8).
Three Toyota GR models, three PCDs: 5x114.3, 5x112 and 5x100. The GR Yaris uses M12 x 1.5 nuts on studs, tightened to 103 Nm according to its manual; the GR Supra uses M14 x 1.25 bolts, tightened to 140 Nm according to its own; the GR86 uses M12 x 1.25 nuts on a 56.1 mm bore. Its twin, the Subaru BRZ, has the same hub (next section).
Mazda MX-5 and Subaru BRZ PCD: 4x100 and 5x100
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mazda MX-5 (ND), 2015 on | 4x100 | 54.1 mm | wheel nuts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Subaru BRZ (ZD8), 2021 on | 5x100 | 56.1 mm | wheel nuts, M12 x 1.25 | not sourced | 120 Nm |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Mazda MX-5 (ND); Subaru BRZ (ZD8).
The Mazda MX-5 ND is the only car in our database with four holes: 4x100, on the smallest bore in the table, 54.1 mm, with M12 x 1.5 nuts. One specialist database gives it 5x114.3, against three sources on 4x100: the car's page lists which. The Subaru BRZ ZD8, twin of the Toyota GR86, shares its hub: 5x100, 56.1 mm, M12 x 1.25 nuts. Its 120 Nm torque comes from specialist sources that agree; the GR86's and the MX-5's torques are not sourced.
Honda Civic Type R PCD: 5x120
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Honda Civic Type R (FK8), 2017 to 2021 | 5x120 | 64.1 mm | wheel nuts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | 127 Nm |
| Honda Civic Type R (FL5), 2022 on | 5x120 | 64.1 mm | wheel nuts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | 127 Nm |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Honda Civic Type R (FK8); Honda Civic Type R (FL5).
The last two Type Rs share the same hub: 5x120, 64.1 mm, M14 x 1.5 nuts, 127 Nm. Honda UK's 2017 manual lists two torques, 108 and 127 Nm: the second applies to 2.0 L engine models, which is the Type R. Other Civics have not been surveyed.
Nissan GT-R and Hyundai N PCD: 5x114.3
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nissan GT-R (R35), 2007 to 2025 | 5x114.3 | 66.1 mm | wheel nuts; thread not sourced | not sourced | not sourced |
| Hyundai i30 N (PDe), 2017 to 2024 | 5x114.3 | 67.1 mm | wheel nuts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Hyundai Ioniq 5 N (NE), 2024 on | 5x114.3 | 67.1 mm | wheel nuts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Nissan GT-R (R35); Hyundai i30 N (PDe); Hyundai Ioniq 5 N (NE).
Same PCD, one millimetre apart on the bore between the GT-R and the Hyundais. For the GT-R, thread, seat and torque are not published: no source we read was sufficient on the day of the survey. We have since read Nissan's 2017 GT-R owner's manual (United States): it gives 132 Nm for the wheel nuts, 155 Nm on NISMO models. Hyundai's UK Ioniq 5 N owner's manual gives 176 to 196 Nm. Neither torque has been entered in our database yet, hence the blank cells.
Ford PCD: Mustang and Focus
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford Mustang (S550), 2015 to 2023 | 5x114.3 | 70.5 mm | wheel nuts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | 204 Nm |
| Ford Focus RS (Mk3), 2016 to 2018 | 5x108 | 63.4 mm | wheel nuts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Ford Focus ST (Mk4), 2019 on | 5x108 | 63.4 mm | wheel nuts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | 135 Nm |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Ford Mustang (S550); Ford Focus RS (Mk3); Ford Focus ST (Mk4).
The S550 Mustang has the largest bore in the table, 70.5 mm, and the highest torque: 150 lb.ft, or 204 Nm, in Ford Performance's instructions. The Focus RS and ST share nothing with it: 5x108, 63.4 mm, M12 x 1.5 nuts. The Focus ST's 135 Nm comes from two specialist sources that agree (a third gives 130 Nm); no Ford document we read gives it. The Fiesta and Puma have not been surveyed, their PCD cannot be inferred from the Focus, and six- or eight-stud pick-ups are a different subject altogether.
Renault, Alpine and Peugeot PCD: 5x114.3 against 5x108
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renault Mégane IV R.S., 2017 to 2023 | 5x114.3 | 66.1 mm | wheel bolts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Renault Clio IV R.S., 2013 to 2018 | 5x114.3 | 66.1 mm | wheel bolts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | 105 Nm |
| Renault 5 E-Tech, 2024 on | 5x114.3 | 66.1 mm | wheel bolts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Alpine A290, 2024 on | 5x114.3 | 66.1 mm | wheel bolts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Peugeot 308 GTi (T9), 2015 to 2021 | 5x108 | 65.1 mm | wheel bolts, M12 x 1.25 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Peugeot 508 PSE, 2020 to 2025 | 5x108 | 65.1 mm | wheel bolts, M12 x 1.25 | not sourced | not sourced |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Renault Mégane IV R.S.; Renault Clio IV R.S.; Renault 5 E-Tech; Alpine A290; Peugeot 308 GTi (T9); Peugeot 508 PSE.
The two Renault R.S. models and the two electric cars, the Renault 5 E-Tech and the Alpine A290, share one hub: 5x114.3, 66.1 mm, M12 x 1.5 bolts. For the A290, one source gives a 73.1 mm bore against two at 66.1 mm; for the 5 E-Tech, the two torque sources disagree (113 and 110 Nm), hence the blank cell. Against the Peugeots, only the bolt fixing and the M12 diameter are shared: PCD, bore and thread pitch all differ. The Mégane IV R.S. is the only Mégane surveyed. The two Peugeots have five holes on a 108 mm circle, like the Ford Focus RS and ST and the Polestar 2, but on a 65.1 mm bore instead of 63.4 mm, and with M12 x 1.25 bolts.
Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio PCD: 5x110
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio (952), 2016 on | 5x110 | 65.1 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | 60° cone | not sourced |
| Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio (949), 2017 on | 5x110 | 65.1 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | 60° cone | 130 Nm |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio (952); Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio (949).
The Giulia and Stelvio Quadrifoglio share one hub. Torque is published only for the Stelvio, 130 Nm, on the strength of four specialist sources: for the Giulia, no source we read gave it.
Cupra, Škoda, BYD, MG and Polestar PCD
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cupra Leon (KL), 2020 on | 5x112 | 57.1 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | 140 Nm |
| Cupra Formentor (KM), 2020 on | 5x112 | 57.1 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | 140 Nm |
| Cupra Born, 2021 on | 5x112 | 57.1 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | 140 Nm |
| Škoda Octavia RS (Mk4), 2020 on | 5x112 | 57.1 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| BYD Seal, 2022 on | 5x120 | 64.1 mm | wheel nuts; thread not sourced | not sourced | not sourced |
| BYD Sealion 7, 2024 on | 5x120 | 64.1 mm | wheel nuts; thread not sourced | not sourced | not sourced |
| MG4, 2022 on | 5x112 | 57.1 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | not sourced | not sourced |
| Polestar 2, 2020 on | 5x108 | 63.4 mm | wheel bolts, M14 x 1.5 | 60° cone | 140 Nm |
The car pages, with the source of each figure: Cupra Leon (KL); Cupra Formentor (KM); Cupra Born; Škoda Octavia RS (Mk4); BYD Seal; BYD Sealion 7; MG4; Polestar 2.
The Cupra Leon, Formentor and Born and the Škoda Octavia RS have the hub of the Golf 7 and Golf 8 in our first table: 5x112, 57.1 mm, M14 x 1.5 bolts. So does the MG4. The BYD Seal and Sealion 7 are on 5x120 with a 64.1 mm bore and wheel nuts. The Polestar 2 is on 5x108 with a 63.4 mm bore, the bore of the Ford Focus RS and ST, but with M14 x 1.5 bolts and a 60° cone seat where the Focus has M12 x 1.5 nuts; its fixing and its 140 Nm torque come from Polestar's manuals.
Lotus Emira PCD: 5x114.3
| Car | PCD | Centre bore | Fixing and thread | Seat | Torque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lotus Emira, 2022 on | 5x114.3 | 68.1 mm | wheel bolts, M12 x 1.5 | not sourced | 105 Nm |
The car page, with the source of each figure: Lotus Emira.
The Lotus Emira, V6 and four-cylinder alike, has the PCD and the M12 x 1.5 bolts of the Renaults and the Alpine A290, but a 68.1 mm bore: 2 mm more. Two sources give 68.1 mm, a third 69.1 mm. Its 105 Nm torque comes from two specialist sources that agree.
Where each figure comes from
| Car | Read in a manufacturer's document | PCD: sources in agreement | Bore: sources in agreement | Disagreement between sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota GR Yaris | torque (Toyota manual) | 3 | 3 | none |
| Toyota GR Supra (A90) | torque (Toyota manuals) | 6 | 3 | two sources give 66.6 mm |
| Toyota GR86 (ZN8) | no figure | 2 | 2 | none |
| Mazda MX-5 (ND) | no figure | 3 | 4 | one source gives 5x114.3 |
| Subaru BRZ (ZD8) | no figure | 3 | 3 | none |
| Honda Civic Type R (FK8) | fixing and torque (Honda UK manual) | 4 | 4 | none |
| Honda Civic Type R (FL5) | fixing and torque (Honda UK manuals) | 4 | 4 | none |
| Nissan GT-R (R35) | fixing (Nissan manual) | 4 | 3 | none |
| Hyundai i30 N (PDe) | no figure | 4 | 4 | none |
| Hyundai Ioniq 5 N (NE) | fixing (Hyundai manuals) | 3 | 3 | none |
| Ford Mustang (S550) | fixing and torque (Ford Performance instructions) | 4 | 3 | one source gives 70.6 mm and 120 Nm |
| Ford Focus RS (Mk3) | no figure | 2 | 2 | none |
| Ford Focus ST (Mk4) | no figure | 3 | 3 | one source gives 130 Nm |
| Renault Mégane IV R.S. | no figure | 4 | 3 | one source gives 60.1 mm |
| Renault Clio IV R.S. | no figure | 3 | 3 | none |
| Renault 5 E-Tech | no figure | 3 | 3 | two sources give 113 and 110 Nm |
| Alpine A290 | no figure | 3 | 2 | one source gives 73.1 mm |
| Peugeot 308 GTi (T9) | no figure | 4 | 4 | none |
| Peugeot 508 PSE | no figure | 4 | 4 | none |
| Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio | no figure | 6 | 5 | one source gives 58.1 mm |
| Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio | fixing (Alfa Romeo handbook) | 6 | 5 | one source gives 58.1 mm and 98 Nm |
| Cupra Leon (KL) | fixing and torque (Cupra manuals) | 4 | 4 | two sources give 120 Nm |
| Cupra Formentor (KM) | fixing and torque (Cupra manuals) | 4 | 4 | one source gives 120 Nm |
| Cupra Born | no figure | 3 | 3 | none |
| Škoda Octavia RS (Mk4) | no figure | 4 | 4 | none |
| BYD Seal | fixing (BYD manual) | 2 | 2 | none |
| BYD Sealion 7 | fixing (BYD manual) | 2 | 2 | none |
| MG4 | no figure | 3 | 3 | none |
| Polestar 2 | fixing and torque (Polestar manuals) | 6 | 5 | none |
| Lotus Emira | no figure | 4 | 2 | one source gives 69.1 mm |
A website counts as one source however many of its pages we read; each German wheel report counts as one, per wheel maker. Where sources disagree, the published figure is the majority's, or the manufacturer's where a manufacturer's document exists, as for the Mustang and Cupra torques.
The traps, in numbers
- The Supra A90 has BMW fixings. 5x112, 66.5 mm, M14 x 1.25 bolts: the PCD, bore, thread and fixing of the BMW M3 (G80) and M4 (G82) in our first table, not those of the GR Yaris (5x114.3, 60.1 mm, M12 x 1.5 nuts). Thinking "Toyota" for a Supra leads you to the wrong hub. Its twin, the BMW Z4 (G29) in our first table, is published at 66.6 mm; for the Supra, three sources give 66.5 mm and two give 66.6 mm: a tenth of a millimetre we do not settle on paper, and that measuring the hub resolves.
- The Civic Type R is on 5x120. With 64.1 mm and M14 x 1.5 nuts, its hub figures match the Tesla Model S and Model X in our first table; the BYD Seal and Sealion 7 share the PCD and bore. Matching hub figures do not make a matching wheel: width, offset (ET), load and brake clearance remain specific to each car.
- Alfa Romeo stands alone on 5x110. Of the 91 validated generations in our database on 21 October 2026, only the Giulia and Stelvio Quadrifoglio use it, just as the MX-5 ND is the only one with four holes. With five holes, the distance between two neighbouring holes is the PCD multiplied by sin 36°: 64.7 mm on 5x110, 65.8 mm on 5x112. One millimetre of radius, invisible to the eye, is enough to load the bolts at an angle.
- Peugeot 5x108, Renault 5x114.3, Focus 5x108 too. Between two neighbouring holes: 63.5 mm on the 308 GTi, 67.2 mm on the Mégane R.S. The bore (65.1 against 66.1 mm) and the M12 bolt pitch (1.25 against 1.5) differ as well: a Peugeot bolt will not go into a Renault hub. And the same 5x108 does not make the same hub: 65.1 mm and M12 x 1.25 bolts on the Peugeots, 63.4 mm and M12 x 1.5 nuts on the Focus RS and ST, a 1.7 mm difference in bore, and 63.4 mm with M14 x 1.5 bolts on the Polestar 2.
- One PCD, five bores. On 5x114.3, the GR Yaris has 60.1 mm, the GT-R, the Renaults and the Alpine A290 66.1 mm, the Hyundai N models 67.1 mm, the Lotus Emira 68.1 mm and the Mustang 70.5 mm: a 10.4 mm spread. The GT-R and the Renaults share PCD and bore, yet one uses nuts and the others M12 x 1.5 bolts. The i30 N and Ioniq 5 N, same make, same PCD, same bore, do not share a thread: M12 x 1.5 against M14 x 1.5.
- Specialist databases contradict each other. For the Mustang, one source gives 120 Nm where Ford's instructions give 204 Nm: an 84 Nm gap. For the Cupras, two sources give 120 Nm and Cupra's manuals 140 Nm. For the MX-5 ND, one database even gives a different PCD, 5x114.3, against three sources on 4x100. Take the torque from the manufacturer's document, never from a fitment database.
None of these traps is solved by an intermediate part: we do not advise any adapter or spacer, and the figures stay those of the car.
Your car's page has the final word
The table gives one figure per generation. The car's page gives the versions surveyed, the original wheel fitments front and rear, and the source of every figure with its date. If a figure is missing, the PCD and bore are measured on the hub with a vernier calliper, wheel off and the car on axle stands, never on the jack alone, as our guide to PCD, bolt pattern and centre bore shows.
Frequently asked questions
What is the Toyota GR Yaris PCD?
5x114.3, with a 60.1 mm centre bore and M12 x 1.5 wheel nuts tightened to 103 Nm according to Toyota's manual.
What is the Mazda MX-5 ND PCD?
4x100, with a 54.1 mm bore and M12 x 1.5 wheel nuts. It is the only car in our database with four holes.
Do the Toyota GR86 and Subaru BRZ share a PCD?
Yes: 5x100, with a 56.1 mm bore and M12 x 1.25 wheel nuts, for the GR86 ZN8 and the BRZ ZD8 alike. The 120 Nm torque is sourced for the BRZ only.
What is the Civic Type R PCD, FK8 and FL5?
5x120 for both, with a 64.1 mm bore and M14 x 1.5 wheel nuts tightened to 127 Nm according to Honda UK's manuals.
What is the Ford Mustang bolt pattern?
For the S550 (2015 to 2023): 5x114.3, also written 5x4.5 inches, with a 70.5 mm bore and M14 x 1.5 nuts tightened to 204 Nm according to Ford.
What is the Ford Focus RS and ST PCD?
5x108 for the Focus RS (Mk3) and the Focus ST (Mk4), with a 63.4 mm bore and M12 x 1.5 wheel nuts.
What is the Alfa Romeo Giulia and Stelvio PCD?
5x110 for the Quadrifoglio versions surveyed, with a 65.1 mm bore and M14 x 1.5 bolts with a 60° cone seat.
What is the Peugeot PCD?
The two Peugeots surveyed, the 308 GTi (T9) and the 508 PSE, are on 5x108 with a 65.1 mm bore and M12 x 1.25 bolts. Other Peugeots have not been surveyed.
What is the Renault PCD: Mégane R.S., Clio R.S. and Renault 5 E-Tech?
5x114.3 for the Mégane IV R.S., the Clio IV R.S. and the Renault 5 E-Tech, with a 66.1 mm bore and M12 x 1.5 wheel bolts.
What is the Alpine A290 PCD?
5x114.3, with a 66.1 mm bore and M12 x 1.5 wheel bolts: the hub of the Renault 5 E-Tech. Its torque is not sourced.
What is the Hyundai i30 N PCD?
5x114.3, with a 67.1 mm bore and M12 x 1.5 wheel nuts. The Ioniq 5 N has the same PCD and bore but M14 x 1.5 nuts. The i30 N's torque is not sourced.
What is the Cupra Formentor, Leon and Born PCD?
5x112, with a 57.1 mm bore and M14 x 1.5 bolts; 140 Nm according to Cupra's manuals for the Leon and Formentor, and according to specialist sources that agree for the Born. The Škoda Octavia RS (Mk4) has the same hub.
Why do some cells say "not sourced"?
Because the figure has not been validated in our database: at the survey, no manufacturer's document we read gave it and fewer than two specialist sources agreed on it. A torque read in a manual since, like the GT-R's and the Ioniq 5 N's, stays out of the table until it is entered on the car's page. We would rather leave a cell blank than print a wrong figure.
Wheels designed for your car's PCD
At Onyx Forged, a French brand of made-to-order forged wheels, each wheel is designed to the PCD, centre bore and fixing of the exact version, and our design office sets those figures out in writing before anything goes into production. Our wheels are designed to JWL/VIA standards. Onyx Forged does not recommend any size or offset: the figures are those of your car. To start a project, customer service needs one thing from you: the V5C registration document or the car's VIN. The OX-DC5 Veloce is drawn to those figures; you can also build a set with our configurator, browse the catalogue or write to us through the contact page.
Sources
- Toyota: owner's manuals for the GR Yaris, the 2019 Supra and the GR Supra A90 Final Edition (in Japanese).
- Honda UK: owner's manuals for the 2017 Civic Type R, 2023 Civic Type R and 2024-2025 Civic Type R.
- Nissan: 2017 GT-R owner's manual (United States).
- Hyundai: Ioniq 5 N owner's manual (United Kingdom).
- Ford Performance Parts: instruction sheet IS M-2300-BUL, 2015-2020 Mustang.
- Alfa Romeo Australia: Stelvio MY24 owner's handbook.
- CUPRA: owner's manuals for the Leon 06.23, Leon 11.24 (in Spanish), Formentor 07.20 and Formentor 11.24.
- BYD: owner's manuals for the Seal and the Sealion 7.
- Polestar: Polestar 2 online owner's manuals, 2021 model year and 2024 model year.
- Swiss Federal Roads Office (ASTRA): open data on vehicle types.
- German fitment reports for aftermarket wheels that list each car's hub: Borbet (GR Yaris, GR Supra), Ronal (GR Yaris, GR Supra), BBS (GT-R, Civic Type R), MAK (Civic Type R, Giulia, Stelvio), Brock (Giulia, Stelvio), DBV (i30 N), OZ (i30 N), ALCAR (Polestar 2) and Ronal (Polestar 2) (in German).
- Specialist sites cross-checked, cited page by page on each car's page: SCC Fahrzeugtechnik (spurverbreiterung.de), wheelfitment.eu, koleso.ee, hubcentric-rings.com, tirewheelguide.com, ThreePiece.us and BONOSS.
The documents were read by our design office on 20 and 21 October 2026; the date of each reading is on the cars' pages.
The Onyx Forged design office.




